Growing Alternative to Traditional Taxi Service †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Growing Alternative to Traditional Taxi Service. Answer: Introduction Uber-Company is an international transportation network organization located in San Francisco, United States (Cohen et al., 2016). Research shows that the organization is operating in more than five hundred cities across the world (Cramer and Krueger, 2016). The company has a variety of service ranging from Uberx: a model that allows an individual to use his or her car to collaborate with the organization, to Uber helicopter services that are rendered fast and economical when it comes to maneuvering congested cities (Cusumano, 2015). As such, for Uber to realize profits and ensure delivery of quality services to their consumers, the concept of governance has to be fully integrated within the institution. This calls for the analysis of the governance within the institution and implementation of different forms of governance. Governance is the process of an institution to formulate and implement policies for its benefits and that of the customers (Cohen et al., 2016). Therefore, the pu rpose of the paper I to illustrate the theoretical framework for the study of welfare policy implementation in Uber-Company. The article then makes use of works of several scholars who have attempted to offer coherence to governance and theories dominated by the bottom-up and top-down approach. Finally, the paper will provide a succinct summary of the discussed ideas as shown below. Understanding the concept of governance The object of research in the article is the concept of governance, and the assessment is centered on its utilization and theoretical manifestation in Uber. Recent studies indicate that several researchers such as De Vany, 2015; Dempsey, 2016 have a different opinion regarding governance hence the debatable topic is subject to explain its impact on the management of Uber. It is Gomez-Ibanez and Meyer, 2013 in his works who asserts that governance relates to the ability of an organization to adapt to its internal and external business environment. Internally, the framework constitutes but I not limited to staff members while market demands, consumers, and competitors characterize the external environment. Further, Hall and Krueger, 2016 is of the opinion that governance denotes a logical representation of coordinating social systems within a working place. In a business spectrum, governance can be described as good or bad. Good governance entails the implementation of policies that se ek to increase workers participation, fetch profits, and deliver quality services while providing incentives. On the other hand, bad governance alludes to internal factors that inhibit business growth. Such factors include but are not limited to the incompetency of the management to address worker's welfare. Notably, in-depth analysis of Uber's structural and business strategy indicates a program determined to ensure its progress. The program is characterized by factors such as governance, internal access controls, inquiries, transparency, and complaints. The elements are dependent on each other and through the human resource department; one can understand how the organization operates. Governance at Uber-Company The world today has realized development in all economic, political, social, and cultural spheres due to technological advancements. The same is experienced at Uber where since its establishment in the year 2007 by great minds such as Garret Camp and Travis Kalanick the company has been on the forefront to outshine its competitors through the delivery of quality of services (Wallsten, 2015). Later, in the year 2010, the company had launched an app that helped in communicating with customers and monitoring of the fleet of cars. Moreover, during its initial growth phase, the top management of the organization created a think tank made up of several experts who could fetch high markets aid most populated and developed cities of the world (Wallsten, 2015). Such experts include but are not limited to machinery experts, a nuclear physicist, and computational neuroscientist. Therefore, analyzing the forms of governance at Uber calls for an understanding of the organization plans towards tac kling loses; ensure coordination amid the large pool of drivers and customers, making of rules and regulations. The taxi rules and the regulatory model includes licensing by the management. The licenses provided to the drivers guarantees customer's safety when booking. Again, the regulation on fare prices acts as a strategy to woo customers to make Uber part of their daily lives. On the other hand, the regulatory services offered by the management act as barriers to promoting business growth. For instance, inflated prices might allow other taxi-based organizations to take advantages of the customers by offering low prices. Further, from the works of Rayle et al., 2014 it is evident that lack of competitors to outshine Uber makes the organization reluctant to adopt new business strategies to improve its service delivery. Another key thing to remember is that technological advancements have made it easy for governance amid several institutions. For instance, insight at Uber's business structure across the different countries has adopted the use of sophisticated rating systems as a taxi regulation model. The model advocates for safety approaches between the driver and the customer, and it allows for an algorithmic pricing. Notably, its ability to control market access beyond five hundred cities in the world allows the organization to act as a private licensing institution in the taxi industry. The regulatory approach used by Uber has several advantages that make the management offer good governance. First, through the implementation of pricing rating system, Uber can regulate market access by other taxi firms and harness any new technological ideas that emerge within the business sphere (Schwarz-Miller and Talley, 2013). As such, the organization can operate across different geographical zones and determine the pricing cost. Secondly, research indicates that with the establishment of an incumbent regime, there is a high chance of emergence of a rival policy to counter its existence. Therefore, when Uber policing is challenged there are high chances that the mode governance will be adjusted and so will the business structure: with an aim to maximize the social costs through a bargaining power. Therefore, from the discussion, it is evident that MSP technological advancements bring about good governance and they serve a regulatory role in the economic sphere (Imamura and Kohn o, 2016). Additionally, from the discussion it possible to discern that Uber has challenged the prevailing model of taxi governance: where taxis are owned by the organization, and the drivers are hired according to experience. The type of governance at Uber is a model that has seen the transition from the traditional governance of taxi to a modern approach where individuals with their cars can sign up with Uber and agree on a specific amount of cash to be paid per trip, monthly or annually. Consequently, the role of the state in ensuring algorithmic regulation on private industries such as Uber is a subject of debate. The main idea behind algorithmic regulation is to allow the government to manage big data and use the information on its citizens. The policies formulated by the different sectors of the government are assessed upon its impacts on the citizens and helps in determining the model of governance to suit service delivery. With such, the works of Rempel, 2014 is of significance value in explaining how the government of the different countries that Uber is operating on to harness the governance model and help integrate the private and public sectors as entities that boost the economic growth of a country. The trending news on different media stations has seen a heated debate on the issue of privatization of the transport system in San Francisco. Several stakeholders are of the opinion that Uber is paralyzing other taxi agencies and causing unemployment. However, from the works of Rogers, 2015, it is possible to argue that as much as the organization is a private entity the public and the state government is benefiting a lot from its practices. For instance, a report from the Savas and Savas, 2012 indicated that the increasing numbers of the fleets of Uber taxis see the state government collecting a reasonable amount of taxes that are responsible for the development of infrastructure not only in San Francisco but also across the different cities of operation across the world. Further, the works of Barro, 2014 indicate that through technological advancements the political interests develop. For instance, insight into the operations of Uber in San Francisco and New York City indicate that as much as the organization has brought about technological innovation on matters transportation, it has also introduced technological politi cs as a framework to establish its mode of governance within the cities. Conclusion Uber is a multinational company that has established its roots beyond the geographical boundaries of North America states. The availability of a committed and customer-oriented staff sees the organization ranked as the best taxi company in the world. From the discussion above, it is evident that the management of Uber has good governance: this alludes to the fact that it has been able to grow to a modern state of art organization within a period of ten years. Furthermore, the availability of human resource programs such as governance, transparency, and inquiries enables the company to address all its challenges to remain at the top of the competition. Additionally, having a large pool of market renders the organization a market regulatory agency. Also, its ability to use advanced technological pricing systems has enabled Uber to be the regulator of world market on matters taxi, delivery, and transportation: ranging from simple car taxi to helicopter services. Reference Barro, J. (2014). Under pressure from Uber, taxi medallion prices are plummeting. The New York Times. Cohen, P., Hahn, R., Hall, J., Levitt, S., Metcalfe, R. (2016). Using big data to estimate consumer surplus: The case of uber (No. w22627). National Bureau of Economic Research. Cramer, J., Krueger, A. B. (2016). Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber. The American Economic Review, 106(5), 177-182. Cusumano, M. A. (2015). How traditional firms must compete in the sharing economy. Communications of the ACM, 58(1), 32-34. De Vany, A. S. (2015). Capacity utilization under alternative regulatory restraints: an analysis of taxi markets. Journal of Political Economy, 83(1), 83-94. Dempsey, P. S. (2016). Taxi industry regulation, deregulation, and reregulation: the paradox of market failure. Gomez-Ibaez, J., Meyer, J. (2013). Going private: The international experience with transport privatization. Brookings Institution Press. Hall, J. V., Krueger, A. B. (2016). An analysis of the labor market for Ubers driver-partners in the United States (No. w22843). National Bureau of Economic Research. Imamura, M., Kohno, T. (2012). U.S. Patent No. D420,995. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Rayle, L., Shaheen, S., Chan, N., Dai, D., Cervero, R. (2014). App-based, on-demand ride services: Comparing taxi and ridesourcing trips and user characteristics in san francisco university of california transportation center (uctc). University of California, Berkeley, United States Rogers, B.(2015) The social costs of Uber. James E. Beasley School of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States. Rempel, J. (2014). A Review of Uber, the Growing Alternative to Traditional Taxi Service. Rogers, B. (2015). The social costs of Uber. U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue, 82, 85. Savas, E. S., Savas, E. S. (2012). Privatization and public-private partnerships (p. 4). New York: Chatham House. Schwarz-Miller, A., Talley, W. K. (2013). Effects of public transit policies on taxi drivers wages. Journal of Labor Research, 24(1), 131-142. Wallsten, S. (2015). The competitive effects of the sharing economy: how is Uber changing taxis. Technology Policy Institute, 22.

Review of the Glass Castle free essay sample

Those people expected Orwell to shoot the elephant. Orwell realized that if he could shoot the elephant he will gain some respect from the Burmese people. I think his decision was based on circumstantial motives, social motives and political motives. It was considered as a political motive because he did not want the other German officer to be disrespect by Burmese people and have a bad experience like him. Social motive is one of the most important motives because he wanted gain some respect from the Burmese, who always a fool of him. I think it is not so hard to assign his motives to categories because Orwell describes his feeling very clearly in his essay and it’s easy to understand. 2. Facts ordinarily do not speak for themselves. How does Orwell present his facts to make them speak in support of his analytic points? Look, for example, at the death of the elephant (paragraphs 11 to 13) * I think Orwell used the fact to support his analytic points by describing the death of the elephant in step by step, so the reader can imagine along. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the Glass Castle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example in paragraph 13, he explained how he tried to make the elephant suffer the least but ended up being hopeless. He also tried to explain how the elephant was in such an agony to the point that it probably couldn’t feel anything anymore. 3. List morals you learn from this story. * I’ve learned that in order to live peacefully with other people you have to adjust yourself, sometimes significantly. I learned that sometime we couldn’t always do what we wanted to do because of circumstances. And sometime we have to do what we don’t want to do. I also learned, in general, people tend to be prejudice and judge others from their own experience. We can’t tell if we will be hated or loved by each group of people. We need to be very careful and be responsible with our choice of words and actions. Jonathan Swifts â€Å"A Modest Proposal† 1. Identify examples of the reasonable voice of Swift’s authorial persona, such as the title of the essay itself. * 2. Verbal irony consists of saying one thing and meaning another. At what point in this essay do you begin to suspect that Swift is using irony? What additional evidence of irony can you find? * 3. Look, in particular, at instances in which Swift’s authorial persona proposes shocking things. How does the style of the â€Å"Modest Proposal† affect its content? Martin Luther King Jr. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† 1. Describe King’s theory of non violent resistance. * King was inspired the idea of using nonviolent resistance by Gandhi, a philosopher and leader, who trusted that love and truth is mandatory to win people’s heart. King also had the similar vision with Gandhi since he was a clergyman who valued love and honesty. He believed that violence would not solve any problem but will only make things worse and cause more damage. 2. Why did King choose nonviolent resistance over violent resistance? According from King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, â€Å"I have tried to stand between these two forces, saying that we need emulate neither the do nothingism of the complacent nor the hatred and despair of the Black Nationalist. For there is the more excellent way of love and nonviolent protest. † I think Martin Luther king chose the nonviolent resistance because Dr. King was a clergyman, there for; he serves God and used Jesus principle to solve each and every problem. In this case, to love your enemies more and only nonviolent protest will show how so much can be achieve by being peaceful. 3. What encouraged Martin Luther King to fight for African American in Birmingham? * According form King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, â€Å"We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God given rights. † King realized that he and his people had been waiting for too long to have the rights they should have. The rights that they had since they were born in this world. But American took their rights and suffered them for a large period of time. He believed that it’s time for him to do something to get those rights back to his people, so the generation wouldn’t be suffer like the past generation.

Aesthetic Domain Essays

Aesthetic Domain Essays Aesthetic Domain Paper Aesthetic Domain Paper The domain that interests me the most is the aesthetic domain. The aesthetic domain is the appreciation of the arts and enjoyment of sensory experiences. I believe art is an important part to learning and expands the imagination and creation of a child. Art allows children to express feelings, thoughts and creativity. Although every domain is imperative to a child’s education, I believe the aesthetic domain ranks as one of the most important domains. When the aesthetic domain is compared to the other five domains, it is not considered â€Å"essential† to education, but â€Å"beneficial†. Fine arts are often phased out of curriculum because of the lack of time, no money and little learning potential. I believe it is very important to incorporate all areas of fine arts in the classroom, such as, theatre, visual, dance and music. Children who have developed the appreciation of arts will notice beauty in cultural artifacts and communications and in the natural environment, look at and respond to works of visual art, look at and respond to works of visual art, and listen and respond to different kinds of music. There are several activities that can be incorporated in the classroom to teach the appreciation of the arts, for example, class demonstrations, picture books and story time, class discussions, show and tell, field trips and videos. The aesthetic domain consists of different stages which each child will experience at each age. The first stage is the stage of creative representation. Children between the ages of 2 and 4 use scribbling as their creative representation, which is a disordered and controlled. From the ages 4 and 7, representational preschematics by symbols are used. Children between the ages of 7 and 9, use a schematic approach, which is highly, individualized, visual symbols. The main focus when incorporating aesthetics into curriculum is to promote creativity. A few strategies teachers may use to promote creativity are to direct hands-on time with materials, demonstrate new techniques, show and discuss pictures of real objects, encourage imagining, use nonverbal reinforcement, connect creative experiences to a concept, promote motivational dialogue, give visual examples of quality art and beautiful craftsmanship and come up with a  role-play idea. Another important aspect of teaching the aesthetic domain in curriculum is for teachers to have quality strategies. If a teacher is not using appropriate strategies, when incorporating aesthetics in the classroom, it may portray a lot of misconstrued information and confusion to the children. A teacher must model aesthetic awareness and enthusiasm and prepare an aesthetics-friendly classroom environment. A teacher must also select appropriate music supporting materials and organize an art center or â€Å"creation station† with appropriate materials for arts and crafts that have already been explored by the teacher before asking the children to use them. Providing a variety of creative movement props and props for dramatics is also an important strategy. More strategies include teaching children to respect and care for materials, motivating creativity through a variety of strategies and valuing all aspects of the creative expression process. A teacher should avoid making a product when demonstrating a technique to the class and begin each movement experience with a similar routine warm-up and end with a similar cool down. Most importantly, a teacher should accept children’s own ideas for creative movement, use questions to describe, analyze and evaluate art, avoid reinforcing only a realistic approach and to involve all of the children in the arts. There are several projects and activities a teacher can incorporate in the curriculum to encourage the children to express the aesthetic domain. Teachers can use songs to teach literacy or having the children create songs about a topic. Children may also be encouraged to use musical instruments. Teac hers may also use poems, puppets and fingerplays, as well as listening to taped stories or guest speakers. Children can have their own book making experience or create paintings or other arts and crafts as well. The aesthetic domain is detrimental to the education of our young people and can bring out many different educational skills of a child once they are allowed to freely express and explore themselves. Resources songsforteaching.com/teachertips.htm

Strategic Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Supply Chain Management - Essay Example at even though MCC was formed as a result of supplier integration and partnership cost sharing, but MCC was by far the stakeholder with the maximum investment. MCC had paid more than 50% of the total pre-launch, and infrastructural, product designing investment. The remaining 50% was shared amongst seven integrated suppliers and 16 non-integrated suppliers. Since the primary stakeholder is MCC, it is sensible for them to manufacture the car since the performance of the car in the market, its success or failure, will directly have an impact on them. The customer re consumers who are purchasing the product with the label Daimler-Benz, whereas the customers of the suppliers is the newly formed company MCC. The Brand Name: As discussed above, the MCC car carried the Daimler-Benz name. The brand name is actually a promise to the customer of quality and reliability. Due to this, if there are any technical flaws in the finished product, Daimler-Benz would suffer. The impact would not only be felt on the sales of Smart Car but it would have a sill-over effect and would adversely impact the current high-selling models of Daimler and Benz. For his purpose, even though supplier integration is a crucial part of MCC policies, however, even then MCC has to be in control of the manufacturing process. Influence and Control: Supplier integration is a â€Å"pull† mechanism whereby due to the influence of Daimler-Benz, which has its roots in the volume of business provided to their suppliers and partners by them, the suppliers and partners have willingly decided to invest and be a part of MCC. In the absence of the Daimler-Benz entity, it would be difficult to bring the different players of the automobile sector performing various functions under one roof. Likewise, this influence is needed to keep a control over the supply chain activities and to monitor supplier-supplier relationships. Without this influence and control, there would be greater conflicts and it would be difficult

Education Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Policies - Essay Example This paper seeks to explore the effect of this perception on gender performance, with regard to education. Using educators’ experiences and studies, especially from regions where there are strong cultural beliefs on gender roles and perspectives, the study will evaluate whether girls are in fact their own enemies when they believe that men have better cognitive skills; whether boys actually perform better in sciences and dismally in other subjects perceived to be simpler and reserved for women. To achieve these objectives, the paper will consider academic sources such as books and journals as well as non-academic sources to gather qualitative data including people’s opinions attitudes and beliefs. Parker writes about the effect of gender stereotypes in teaching and learning of mathematics. It is one area where gender myths abound and is very relevant to this position paper. The books conclusions are important in providing causes and solutions to achieve the stated objectives.. Leikin approaches the debate from an instructor’s viewpoint. Since teachers are affected by these stereotypes, a perusal will be necessary. The book can also provide insight on solution to attitude block to learning. Weiner explores the psychological aspects behind attitudes and how women are cultured to believe they are inferior. The book will be useful in understanding the workings of stereotypes in education. It can also suggest viable solutions for instructors and students alike. Pahlke, E., J. S. Hyde, and C. M. Allison. "The Effects of Single-Sex Compared with Coeducational Schooling on Students’ Performance and Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis." American Psychological Association. 2014. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. The research focuses on teaching of boys and girls separately or in different institution. This segregation reinforces the idea of gender difference in cognition. Its conclusions will be indicative of the utility of such

Processes Of Globalization Are Causing Increasing Cultural Convergence Media Essay

Processes Of Globalization Are Causing Increasing Cultural Convergence Media Essay Interaction of the people, organizations and the most importantly among the governments of the nations is called the process of globalization. The process is determined by trade between the two nations, investment in their businesses and through the information technology and has some effects on the culture, environment, political and economic development of the country as well as on the well being of the human beings. There is no clear-cut definition of the globalization in general or in academic writings. For some, it is a means of freedom, prosperity and for others it is the means of prison and poverty. In the modern era some state the globalization as the process of modernism. This shows that everyone has make its own meaning and is affected by its global practices (Schirato Webb, 2003). Globalization has both negative and positive effects on the quality of life. In some respects it decreases the human security and peace while increasing crimes, but in some other cases it increa ses the human security by means of grater cultural pluralism (Scholte, 2000). Convergence means of bringing together things and it can be of different types, whether it can be technological, social, global, economic or cultural convergence. Culture convergence occurs when different cultures become more alike in terms of technology, sports, language and even in politics (Christopher, 2005). Globalization alone does not decide the shape and quality of the culture and the same way culture also does not alone manipulate the globalization. Both are interdependent on each other. In his book Globalization and culture, John Tomlinson states that Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture; culture practices lie at the heart of globalization. This is the reciprocal relationship. (Tomlinson, 1999). Globalization has transformed us and the most important it changes our culture. The history shows that contact between two different cultures leads to trade of products between them. Travelers and merchants from one culture to another culture bring products with them which make people to know about the other culture and their products. But today, due to globalization the products are spread rapidly through newspapers, television, telephone and internet. The computers and cellular phones were first made and used in the western world but now they are available everywhere, even in the less developed countries where landline cables are not even available. Technology has made the nations to know about the others and even to adopt their culture if they like something in the culture of other societies. In this era of Globalization, technology and products has deep impact on the cultures. People used to go to cinemas to watch movies before, but now they can watch it on their computers, same is the case with food where junk food can easily be grabbed and eaten in rush. Lets talk about American culture, people throughout the world watch Hollywood movies, TV shows and use English language as the primary as well as second language in their home country. Even their dressing has been changed; they like to wear jeans and t-shirts. We are living in interrelated world where people travel in air, have newspapers, televisions and other means of communications and they know everything that what is happening in the other society. Globalization is bringing the culture together by minimizing the scope of diversities. The ongoing global culture is not more than just the spread of Americanization. Hershey, Mars, Starbucks all has their markets in more than eighty countries around the globe, where they are spreading the food habits of their own culture into another culture. Another best example is of McDonalds food which is being served in almost every other country. Globalization is a process in which media and consumer culture is making the homogeneity around the globe, but on the other hand it is also said that globalization is demolishing the local cultures and traditions. This global culture is actually the westernization of the culture due to the capitalism. Global trade has made it easier for the nations to import and export their products. This culture convergence has now become a global culture having something common among the cultures or often called common community. Global culture convergence progresses when sport teams of different countries come together to take participation in international sports events like Olympics and world cups. Internet is available around the globe now and firms and even small businesses use it to market their products. The concept of e-marketing is increasing day by day and has important impact on the behavior of the business markets and the customer. The firms are changing their e-marketing strategies in order to compete in the global markets by attracting more customers around the globe (Sheth Sharma, 2005). The credit cards play an important role in the life of the consumer through which they can buy the products easily even if they dont have cash at the time of clearance. Consumer behavior has been changed over the past few years and the best example to study this behavior is the online social networking. People desire to get materialism, global capitalism and have brands represents the trends of the consumer culture. The globalization has strengthened and changed the way of organizing the capitalism. Means of communication has increased the awareness of the consumers regarding brands, food, music and life of the people of other nations. Globalization has increased the culture convergence which forces the governments to provide best and cheap products from all over the world to satisfy their own people (Ohmae, 1995). Technology has driven the world towards convergence where every wants to experience the new thing around the world through technology (Levitt, 1983). The globalization has changed the concepts of marketing and now organizations are customer-oriented and their focus is more on the profits as compared to sales. The organizations are get change worldwide now due to oligopoly and mergers. The companies are competing in global market place and having strategies and activities that focus on the global market opportunities and threats to gain the competitive advantage over their competitors (Keegan Green, 2003) . In order to compete in global markets, all firms need to craft strategies regardless of their sizes and functions. The global companies focuses on what consumer wants in order to achieve the long term success and they are selling same things everywhere in the same way that drive the world towards cultural convergence (Levitt, 1983). The companies are now well aware of the needs of the consumers as well as they are kindling the need for their products through promotional programs and advertisement. The best example is of Coca cola who thinks globally by giving a message of uniting the nations may be a source of competitive advantage for the company. The mass media and especially advertisements of the products continuously hold the people to think about the products in the market. Youth is the primary target of the advertisers because they think that once they persuaded the people in their young age, then they will remain with the goods and services forever. Advertisements persuade people to buy the products. The study conducted on German and Chinese culture reveals that German people find advertisement more convincing and informative than Chinese people, which shows that perception from advertisement has important impact on the consumer intentions to accept or reject the brands and the products (Chan, et al., 2007). The research shows that the new world has changed the marketers now they are dependent on other companies within their homeland or in other nations for their profits (Fellman, 1999). For example the most famous merger is of Disney and Pixar, Cisco and Linksys, eBay and Skype, Microsoft and Yahoo, Google and YouTube, Apple and neXt and JP Morgan Chase. Coca Cola comes in our mind when we talk about best and successful global advertisements. The brand is made from the same formula and sells with same strategy throughout the world. Ethics in visual representation of the advertisement is very important and there is need to understand the issues related to visuals representation (Schroeder Borgerson, 2005). In the study of advertisement strategies of the companies in America, Europe and Asia it is revealed that in order to face the global consumer culture, America and china both have shown similarity in their international advertisements, having the visible western and non western values (Jiang Wei, 2012). Cultural globalization has found everywhere now and it occurs through media that creates homogeneity across the nation. The best example of cultural globalization is coca cola and McDonalds. Media and communication are the integral parts of the globalization and there can be no globalization without them (Movius, 2010). The international marketers are facing issues regarding the set standard of advertisement in the age of globalization. Jiang Wei, (2002) in their studies shows that the companies insight creative strategies in their advertisements to have one voice or reliable effect of brands in the global market. History shows that consumption patterns of one nation always influenced the consumption behaviors of the other nation. In modern consumption culture very minute differences found between the products and consumption is differentiated on the basis of the brands names. Consumer culture is global now because of the link between the culture and identity of the individual. Capitalism has changed the self images of the people and alters them into consumers. The current study of consumption shows that that the consumer culture should be conducted systematically based on technical level as well (Miller Rose, 1997). There is a need to better understand the lives of the consumers or the ways in which they manage their identities through consumer subculture (Schouten Mcalexander, 1995). Mooij, (2011) argued that the consumption patterns of people are local, the brands and products can be global but people and their motive to buy such brands are not global. The study of indian culture shows that decisions related to consumptions are not made alone, they are closely related to the values and cultural loyalty. The process of globalization has made culture as an important issue which needs to be handle properly because conumption pattterns of the people and their cultural values both have greater impact on the marketing decision making (Banerjee, 2008). Globalization has increased the cultural convergence by means of technology, media and trade between the nations. Globalization makes the culture to come together and have some similar tastes in life and music and technology. The process of having similar norms and values is most common in teenagers. Teens around the world whether they are in America, Africa or Asia, watch the same channels and advertisements and the most important their access to internet develops the similar consumption patterns in them (Mooij, 2011). Cultural convergences has created more job opportunities for the people and saved many cultures. The study shows that due to globalization, marketization of the culture is very important for the survival of any culture which gives them an identity and save them (Howes, 1996). Although globalization has many positive impacts on the quality of life but this also increases the inequality between the nations and even within the countries. Policies are needed in the process of globalization which addresses the processes of production and the ways in which the poor countries connect with the global producers and consumers of the economy (Kaplinsky, 2000). This is not necessary that globalization only leads to the homogeneity of the cultures. There can only be the homogeneity of certain aspects of the society or economy otherwise there cannot be homogeneity among the culture and if this happens it will be very slow to differentiate. Advanced technology has created a difference among the cultures clearly. If we look back to 1960s we see that Asian culture find Americans modern in every aspect of their lives but today communication technology creates a difference. But now they dont find American ideal because of the family decay system. Both cultures can now see the values of each other clearly. (Mishra, 2008).

Hiv Infection In Indonesia Health And Social Care Essay

Indonesia has among the fastest turning prevalence of people infected with HIV in Asiatic parts. However, the prevalence in Indonesia itself is still low: harmonizing to the Data and Information Centre from Indonesian Ministry of Health, around 0.2 per centum from the entire population. However, since Indonesia is the universe 4th most thickly settled state, this figure means that presently there are a sum of about 200.000 people populating with HIV in Indonesia ( UNAIDS, 2007 ) . From the informations in Indonesian Ministry of Health ( 2006 ) , we can besides see that 82 % of known people populating with HIV/AIDS is work forces and are concentrated within specific groups with specific behavior in the population: approximately 50.3 % of HIV infection instances are from shooting drug users, 40.3 % from unprotected heterosexual sex, while 4.2 % from unprotected homosexual sex. There are besides several surveies that show the HIV infections epidemic work forces who have sex with work forces communities in developing Asiatic states, including Indonesia ( Pisani et al. , 2004 ; Toole et al. , 2006 ; Wong, Zhang, Wu, Kong, & A ; Ling, 2006 ) . To reply with the HIV infections pandemic, the authorities, with the presidential edict figure 36/1994, established the National AIDS Commission. This committee were created to forestall and to take incorporate and co-ordinated, inter-sectoral actions against AIDS in Indonesia. This committee is headed by the Ministry of Welfare and besides with the coordination of other Ministries, such as Ministry of Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Presiden Republik Indonesia, 1994 ) . It is aimed to forestall and to take actions against AIDS harmonizing to the current ordinances, in conformity with the planetary scheme set by the United Nations, and besides to increase community consciousness for AIDS and bettering the intersectoral, integrated and coordinated bar and actions against AIDS In 2003, another presidential edict was set up to better this committee. It stated that the committee actions are organizing steps in actions against AIDS, including bar, instruction, wellness service, surveillance, and control of AIDS, epidemiological observation on vulnerable populations at hazard of infecting HIV, wellness instruction, wellness run and regional and international cooperation in forestalling against AIDS ( Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) . 3. Is it bettering the status? The plan set up by the cardinal authorities, regional authorities, non governmental administration, and the support received from foreign givers in the signifier of HIV consciousness and bar plans throughout Indonesia have been bettering some of the state of affairs of HIV infection in Indonesia. A study on rubber usage in sex industry in Indonesia in 2004-2005 reported that 61 % of sex workers in whorehouses said that they had use a rubber in the last clip they sold sex. A prevalence of 57 % was found in sex workers who didnit work in a whorehouse. ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . For shooting drug users, the plan is focused on cut downing the usage of non-sterile injecting equipment. In Jakarta and Medan, where plans such as these are making the injecting drug users, the study found out that more than 80 % of shooting drug users said that they ever used clean acerate leafs ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . The injury decrease method, which has been set up as a theoretical account for Indonesian authorities to undertake the turning HIV infections from shooting drug users group in Indonesia, was established by the Sentani Commitment ( see Appendix ) , as an understanding between the National AIDS Commission and regional authoritiess ( National AIDS Commission, 2004 ) . While plans to forestall HIV infections in female sex workers and shooting drug users have been demoing some grade of success, another vulnerable populations is still hold lower precedence in AIDS bar plan. A study in 2004 mentioned HIV infection degrees of 2.5 % in work forces who have sex with work forces, 3.6 % among male sex workers, and 22 % on waria ( Indonesian term for transgender ) sex workers in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. Almost of them are practising hazardous sexual behavior. It is stated that 65 % of the male sex workers and 53 % of work forces who have sex with work forces in Indonesia reported holding insecure anal sex with male spouses and besides 54 % of the male sex workers reported that they had sex with adult females in the anterior twelvemonth ( Pisani et al. , 2004 ) . However, when we look at the tendencies in the undermentioned figure, we can clearly see the increasing figure of new instances of HIV infection found in Indonesia until 2006. ( Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) Besides we have another graph demoing the theoretical account to foretell the figure of HIV infections in Jakarta, merely from the informations taken from one population: the shooting drug users. ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) From the above graph, we can see that the state of affairs in Indonesia is still far from bettering. In add-on, although the overall HIV infection prevalence in Indonesia is still low, if we look into the parts of Indonesia, we have a figure every bit high as 2.4 % as the grownup prevalence rate of HIV infection in the Papua state ( Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) . The Ministry of Health vision of Healthy Indonesia by the twelvemonth 2010, which set a end of 0.9 per centum of maximal prevalence in 2010 ( Menteri Kesehatan RI, 2003 ) in all parts of Indonesia, seems farfetched. In the undermentioned subdivision, we will discourse jobs in the execution of the policy for HIV bar in Indonesia. 4. Problem in plan of HIV bar Although the authorities already put up a committee accountable straight to the president, we can see that the job with HIV infections in Indonesia is still turning. In the undermentioned, I would wish to discourse several points why the policy against HIV in Indonesia is still unable to accomplish its end ( such as in the Healthy Indonesia by 2010 ) . There are 4 chief jobs that I would discourse, two related to the mark of the plan, in covering with the sexual transmittal of HIV infection, and besides transmittal in shooting drug users. The others two related to the decentralization procedure in Indonesia and on support. 4.1. Extensive sex web and geographical difference Sexual activity industry in Indonesia itself is extended even though their legality is questioned. A study on 1994-1995 found that there were 71,281 sex workers in Indonesia ( Endang, Ivan, Walter, Noni, & A ; et al. , 2002 ) , even though the existent figure should be higher. Prostitution is non allowed in Indonesia, and sex workers who were caught beging in the streets can be sent to a rehabilitation cantonment. Nonetheless, whorehouses are slightly recognized particularly in the large metropoliss: they are non illegal, there are no regulations sing this, the illegality of harlotry merely concern on those who sell sex on the street. Therefore the local authoritiess have regulated sex works in these whorehouses, supplying wellness installations and put certain restrictions. However, this ill-defined position for whorehouses can present a job for keeping sustainable wellness plan in forestalling HIV infections. The huge parts in Indonesia besides made an obstruction in the plan to forestall HIV infections. In most Indonesian states, such as in Java, Bali, Sumatra, and others, the common transmittal of HIV infections is through shooting drug users. However, in Papua state, we have a different transmittal form. Papua is equaling Jakarta in footings of HIV infections prevalence: a prevalence of 2.4 % for overall grownup HIV prevalence, and this could make to every bit high as 3.2 % in distant Highlandss of the Papua state ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . In this part, unprotected sex is the chief manner of transmittal. Based on informations from the UNAIDS/WHO, thereis a high proportion of work forces engaged in bad sex, with 25 % reported that they had sex with non regular spouse ( over half of it were paid sex ) and 20 % had more than one sexual spouse. From this study we can besides see that the usage of rubber is uncommon. It is reported that merely 14 % who said that they use rubbers for paid sex, and even merely 3 % said that they had usage rubber every clip in old month. Another job with the Papua state is sexual force. It was mentioned that 12 % of adult females has experience sexual force, even from their domestic spouse. Therefore, to forestall increasing HIV infection in Papua, the chief co ncern is to supply better sex instruction and besides to advance and to administer rubber throughout Papua part. ( UNAIDS, 2007 ) 4.2. Harm decrease policy for shooting drug user Even though the term of injury decrease itself is still controversial, whether it is a wide term of steps embracing schemes of restricting supply and minimising injury, merely like in Australia, or merely purely merely a portion of the scheme to undertake drug maltreatment specifically to understate the injury of utilizing drug ( Ball, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Beyrer, Kumarasamy and Pizer ( 2005 ) , the jobs with the execution of harm decrease policy in Asia, including Indonesia, can be categorised into three classs. The first 1 is this policy is considered as a manner to state that it is wholly right to hold people who abuse drugs and that this behavior is merely an look from several people that tend to take hazards. The focal point of the injury decrease ( at least in the narrow definition ) so is to understate the injury from utilizing drugs irrespective whether the position of utilizing drug is right or incorrect or wherever the drug comes from, since it is the wellness sector itself would bear the brunt if HIV infections ( and besides Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections ) spreads from shooting drug users. Whether drug dependence itself pose a serious wellness job to the community, where increasing drug user would besides means increasing figure of neurologic disablement and psychosocial job, would be tackled by the r estriction of supply of drugs, non by the injury decrease system. I think that if Asiatic states, particularly Indonesia, want to to the full implement harm decrease policy, both understating the supply and pull offing the injury of drug maltreatment should set into pattern. Therefore, the injury from bad pattern of shooting drug users ( for illustration needle sharing ) can be minimised while effects of drugs to single and society itself can besides be minimised through controlling/ cut downing supply of drugs in the black market. However, it is interesting to see in Iran, another Asiatic states with high Muslim population, merely like Indonesia, that the caput of Persian Judiciary declare, sing on this quandary between public wellness and drug control, after sing the Islamic rule of idoing no injury to oneself or othersi and ithe worst injury is eliminated by a lesser harmi , that the public wellness is more of import in commanding the spread of HIV infections ( as the worst injury ) instead than command on drug maltreatment ( which considered as a lesser injury ) ( Ball, 2007 ) . The 2nd obstruction of harm decrease policy, as in many Asiatic states, is the legal system ( Beyrer et al. , 2005 ) . The current legal system in Indonesia still considers that the maltreatment of drugs is illegal and can be punished. The job arise with this is that the harm decrease policy is normally set up several topographic points for shooting drug user to entree clean acerate leafs and besides topographic points to dispose them decently. Injecting drug users besides need topographic point for them to acquire some intervention, instruction, and referral. If puting up these topographic points can present a menace in the security of the community and besides put on the lining the injecting drug users being caught by the constabulary, there should be some via media between the rights of shooting drug users and besides the rights of community for security. Therefore if we want to put up a safe oasis for shooting drug users so that they can safely derive entree of clean acerate leaf s, intervention, instruction and referral, the supplier of such topographic point must be able to supply legal protection for their client from being arrested in that topographic points. Obviously we should merely set safe sphere for shooting drug users everyplace, but we must understand foremost where shooting drug users needed largely. Another facet of the legal system is related to the position of possessing injection equipment: eg syringe. Although in Indonesia it is non illegal to transport needle syringe, nevertheless, it is regulated under prescription merely. In several states, there are Torahs that prohibit people to possess injecting equipment, but finally experience from developed states shows that if this ordinance is abolished, it truly removes the pattern of needle sharing between shooting drug users while does non truly hold much consequence on the prevalence of new user ( Deany, 2000 ) . In add-on to that, if the legal system can work to suit the injury decrease system, the constabulary can besides move an of import portion in HIV bar among shooting drug users. Police so should mention drug users for intervention instead than imprison them. Finally, the last obstruction is on fiscal support and coverage of harm decrease plan. Other than supplying a safe topographic point for shooting drug users, a plan on harm decrease of drug maltreatment must supply a continued supply of clean acerate leafs. They besides need human resources to run the plan such as checkups and paramedics, counselors, and others. Possibly it is difficult to set some money from the budget merely to isatisfyi the demand ( or rights? ) of shooting drug users, nevertheless, this is needed to forestall farther job in public wellness. And this job in support will be discussed in the following subdivision. From this we can see that the job is much clear: whether the society accepts such behaviors and trades with the injury caused by it and whether the authorities is willing to carry on such plan. 4.3. Problem in regional execution In 2007, 23 provincial authoritiess reduced their HIV budget by a sum of 5.72 billion rupiahs, to be put toward the outgo of regional election, even though President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono called for an addition in the stateis budget for HIV/AIDS during a cabinet meeting in July. In Papua, for illustration, the provincial authorities allocated Rp 10 one million millions for its regional AIDS committee in 2007, but merely 1 per centum of the budget was realised. The authorities did non see HIV/AIDS a precedence because the figure of septic people remained little compared to patients of other diseases. In December 2007 the Ministry of Health recorded 6,066 people with HIV and 11,141 with AIDS. The National AIDS Commission said it needs more than Rp 1.5 trillion in 2008 to cover with the virus, which most of the budget would be spent on bar plans, but the cardinal authorities has promised to supply Rp 1 trillion merely. The committee estimated the figure of people with HIV/AIDS would make 400,000 in 2010 and one million in 2015 across the state. ( The Jakarta Post, 2008 ) . 4.4. Problem on support and sustainibility In relation to the old treatment on regional execution of the policy, we can see that it was expected for the regional authorities to increase their disbursement on publicities against HIV infections. This is because Indonesia is still depending on foreign givers to undertake the issue of HIV infections. Foreign givers provide up to 70 per centum of financess to forestall HIV infections in Indonesia ( Pathoni, 2008 ) . However, givers such as the United States and Australia are expected to diminish AIDS-related aid partially because they now consider Indonesia a middle-income state. This means that plans on HIV bar in Indonesia should stress on sustainability. We shall look at one illustration: the Aksi Stop AIDS plan. The Aksi Stop AIDS plan is a plan of HIV bar where USAID, in cooperation with the Family Health International and working together with the authorities of Indonesia through the National Commission of AIDS ( Family Health International, 2007 ) . This plan is aimed to cut down incidence of STI/HIV/AIDS in most-at-risk groups ( MARGs ) thereby assisting to forestall a generalize epidemic and decreased incidence of STI/HIV/AIDS within the general population of Papua ( Family Health International, 2007, p. 5 ) . The plan itself were late came to an terminal in September 2008, where it was expected that we have ( Family Health International, 2007, p. 5 ) : i Increased coverage of most-at-risk groups with trim intercessions and improved utilizations of hazard decrease behaviors, patterns, and entree to and usage of services ; and i Increased ability of implementing bureaus to on a regular basis supervise, evaluate and better plan public presentation, therefore accomplishing expanded coverage. We can see that from this illustration that sustainability of the plan is really of import. After the plan ended, and we have the end product of improved implementing bureaus in HIV bar, therefore we can anticipate the result is the continuity of the HIV bar plan. 5. Decision In decision, we can see that although Indonesian policy on HIV bar is already set, they have to cover some of the issues which are different from other states: the extended sexual web, the geographical difference in HIV infection prevalence and chief method of transmittal, jobs in implementing the harm decrease policy for shooting drug user, jobs arose with decentralization, where regional authoritiess donit prioritise HIV bars, and besides the job with support and sustainability. In covering with the increasing figure if HIV infections in Indonesia, therefore we need to develop a better scheme which turn toing these issues.